Empowerment of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence of the Middle Aged in Coping Mid-Life Transitions to promote active aging

Smitha J Thundiparampil

Palathunkal House, Near Athirakam U.P School, Mundayad P.O. Kannur, Kerala.

*Corresponding Author Email: thundiparambil2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Cost effective empowerment based on culture oriented to improve the emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping midlife transition is one of the best methods to adopt to prepare the middle aged into a successful or positive aging. The findings discussed in this study were original and no such studies had attempted in the selected variables. The findings enable the nursing policy makers, nurse educators and nurse practitioners to take a prompt decision to maintain the emotional and spiritual intelligence of the middle aged. The aim of this study is to maintain the psychological resiliency by the middle aged during their midlife transition with a view to prepare them to lead an active aging. The Objectives of the study: 1.Describe the emotional intelligence, the spiritual intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged on midlife transition. 2. Determine the relationship between the emotional intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged and their association with the selected demographic variables during midlife transition. 3. Determine the relationship between the spiritual intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged and their association with the selected demographic variables during midlife transition. 4. Administer an empowerment program on emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping up the midlife transition. 5. Determine the impact of empowerment of emotional and spiritual intelligence with the coping status of the middle aged with their midlife transition. The data was collected from 500 Middle aged people whose children were studying in the private college of Kannur Taluk by using convenient sampling technique. Quasi experimental study design was used in this study. The majority of the sample were unemployed married female living in the nuclear families with no complaints on health issues and they supported by their parents and siblings. They had middle level of Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and coping ability and the empowerment program made significant changes in their Emotional intelligence and the coping ability. If they were empowering for a long-term run, they will be resilient in coping their mid-life transition stresses and they can lead an active and positive aging.

KEYWORDS: Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Coping Ability, Empowerment, Midlife Transition.

INTRODUCTION:

The transition of ageing is the period where we move towards late fifties and has three important components as leaving the middle adult hood, crossing the line of retirement (for working people) and entering the late adulthood. The middle-aged people experience lots of psychological and social changes in addition to the more noticed physical changes due to rapid urbanization, the migration of children for the purpose of studies or job towards urban area or abroad, change in the role and structure of family due to marriage of children, sickness and death of their spouse and near ones leads them to live alone and resulted in lots of stresses^17.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

United Nations (2019) projected that the proportion of older persons (60+) grow from 901 million to 1.4 billion by 2030 and reach 2.1 billion in 2050¹⁶. Nearly 60 % of people surveyed across the world have negative views and attitude towards aged¹⁵. In India, the aged above 60 years will reach up to 301 million (21.3%) by 2050 (Help Age India and United Nations Population Fund ^{5,6,9,10,13,15}. Kerala has the highest percentage of elderly 40.24 lakhs (12.6%) population (Ministry of statics, 2020) and almost 1/5 of the elderly (8.05 lakh) are living alone or with their spouse and have to manage their health by themselves. Around ¾ (30.18 lakhs) of the elderly fully or partially depends on others and it is gradually increasing¹⁷. The emergence of nuclear and micro- nuclear families, the migration of young adults in search of job to other states and countries leave their middle aged or elderly parents alone make them to take care of themselves at home^2,15,29. The people who live alone get more psychological and social issues than live those with their families. So, these types of people are in need of more psychological and social care than medical care.

TITLE:

Empowerment of emotional and spiritual intelligence of the middle aged in coping mid-life transitions to promote active aging.

OBJECTIVES:

· Describe the emotional intelligence, the spiritual intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged on midlife transition.

· Determine the relationship between the emotional intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged and their association with the selected demographic variables during midlife transition.

· Determine the relationship between the spiritual intelligence and the coping status of the middle aged and their association with the selected demographic variables during midlife transition.

· Administer an empowerment program on emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping up the midlife transition.

· Determine the impact of empowerment of emotional and spiritual intelligence with the coping status of the middle aged with their midlife transition.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

· This present study adopted the quantitative approach - Quasi -experimental study with pretest and posttest with non-equivalent control group design.

· The entire study followed the Donabedian Structure – Process – Outcome Model^25.

Sample size and sampling technique:

To collect the data 500 parents of nursing students selected by convenient sampling method and to assess the impact of an empowerment program 120 was the sample size selected by lottery method.

Criteria for sample selection:

Inclusion criteria:

· People of any sex who can read and write Malayalam and aged between 45-55 years.

· People who are available and willing to participate in the study.

· People whose children are studying in the private nursing colleges in Kannur District.

Exclusion criteria:

· Parents of nursing students whose age was below 45 years and above 55 years.

· Parents of nursing students from government and semi government nursing colleges.

· Parents who do not know to read and write Malayalam

· Parents not available during the time of data collection and

· Parents who were not willing to participate in the study.

Hypothesis:

H1: There is significant relationship exist between the emotional intelligence of middle-aged people whose children are studying private nursing colleges in Kannur district with their coping ability.

H2: There is significant relationship exist between the spiritual intelligence of middle-aged people whose children are studying private nursing colleges in Kannur district with their coping ability.

H3: There is significant association exist between the spiritual intelligence of the middle-aged people whose children are studying private nursing colleges in Kannur district with that of their sex, religion, education, type of family and their employment status.

H4: There is significant association exist between the emotional intelligence of the middle aged whose children are studying private nursing colleges in Kannur district with that of their sex, religion, education, marital status, type of family and their employment status.

H5: There is significant association exist between the coping ability of the middle aged whose children are studying private nursing colleges in Kannur district with that of their Sex, Educational status, marital status, and Employment status, Type of family and Religion.

Assumptions:

Assumption 1: The empowerment program of middle aged on emotional and spiritual intelligence may change the status of middle aged by improving their emotional and spiritual intelligence to cope up with the issues of midlife transition.

Assumption 2: There is significant relationship between the emotional intelligence of the middle aged with that of their Spiritual intelligence.

Variables:

Independent variables:

The independent variable is the Empowerment (presentation cum discussion assisted with PowerPoint followed by self-assessment checklist with distribution of self-explanatory information guide on EI, SI in general and how to improve the spiritual and emotional intelligence through fasting.

Dependent variables:

Emotional intelligence, Spiritual intelligence and Coping ability of middle aged on midlife transitions.

Attributable variables:

Age, Sex, Marital status, Type of family, Presence of family members, educational backgrounds, employment status, children status, health condition, status of parents and siblings.

Conceptual frame work:

Adopted from Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Flood’s theory of successful aging²⁴.

Description of the data collection:

Tools: The tool consists of three parts:

The tool 1 consists of Survey with four sections.

First - section A: Demographic variables like age, sex, etc.

Second - session B: Standardized Spiritual Intelligence self-report inventory with 24-questions developed by King D. in 2008.

Third – session C: Standardized Emotional intelligence self – report inventory with 15 – questions- Mind Tools, developed by Daniel Golemanin 2019.

Fourth- session D: Standardized Brief Resilience Coping ability with four self-inventory questions developed by Sinclaire and Wilson in 2004.

Tool 2 Self Reflection checklist consists of 10 yes or no type questions

Tool 3 is the self-learning guide and presentation materials used for empowerment sessions cum discussions with the acceptability of the materials and External evaluation on the Impact of empowerment by observation Checklist to compare their behaviors and their actions within six months’ intervals in terms of their noticeable change in less-desirable behavior by improving their coping ability.

Procedures:

Permission obtained from concerned authors regarding the use this standardized tool for the study. All the selected variables included under the demographic data in the tool are translated into Malayalam and then again translated back into English followed by pilot study to assess for any variations in meaning related to the sample community practices for its content validity and finalized with the guidance of subject experts. RDC obtained from university on 30/11/2020 and obtained the ethical clearance from institutional ethical committee on 23/09/2021 and individual consent from the sample followed by registered under clinical trial registry and the registration number CTRI/2021/10/037019. After the data collection, the empowerment group were given lecture cum discussion followed by the administration of Self learning guide. The entire sample were followed up after one week, one month and six months and the same tools used after six-month period to assess for the impact of empowerment program²⁸.

Analysis of the findings:

1.Description of demographic data N= 500

Variables	Description	Frequency	Percentage
Age	Above 50 yrs	403	80.6%
Age	Below 50 yrs	97	19.4%
Marital Status	Married	472	94%
	Divorced	19	3.8%
	Widow	9	1.8%
Type of Family	Nuclear family	340	68%
	Joint family	107	21.3%
	Micro nuclear family	53	10.6%
Working status	Employed	231	46.2%
	Unemployed	257	51.4%
	Retired	12	2.4%
Educational status	Schooling	195	39%
	College	223	44.6%
	Professional	82	16.4%
Health status	No treatment	309	61.8%
Health status	On treatment	191	38.2%
Support of parents	Yes	393	78.6%
Support of parents	No	106	21.2%
Support from siblings	yes	478	95.6%
Support from siblings	No	22	4.4%
Gender	Male	145	29%
Gender	Female	355	71%

Majority of the sample were married (94%), unemployed (51.4%), female (71%), living in the nuclear families (68%) with no complaints on health issues and supported by their parents (78%) and siblings (95.6%).

The levels of the variables:

· The level of Emotional Intelligence of the Middle aged:

Out of the 500 sample, majority of the middle-aged people (54.8%) whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district had an average and above Emotional Intelligence levels and only less than two percentage of the sample had low emotional intelligence.

· The level of Spiritual Intelligence of the Middle aged:

The mean values of spiritual intelligence of the 500-middle aged in general were 57.54 with median as 59 and mode as 72. Majority of the samples (65.4%) were having average level of spiritual intelligences only and around 21.4% of the samples had low levels of spiritual intelligence¹².

· The Coping Ability of the Middle aged:

Out of the 500 sample, majority (63.3%) of the middle-aged people whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district had less than medium resilient level of coping ability.

The relationship between the variables:

· The emotional intelligence and the coping status:

The relationship between the emotional intelligence and the coping status was determined by using the Carl Pearson Correlation Coefficient formula. There were Moderate degree positive correlation (r= 0.315) exist between emotional intelligence and coping ability which was significant (r = 0.0875 at 0.05 level). Since in the present study findings revealed that there was a moderate direct relationship between the Coping ability and emotional intelligence and its components at 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis H₁as there is significant relationship exist between the emotional intelligence and coping ability of middle-aged people whose children are studying in Kannur district and findings were supported by the Agarwal S., 2017, Hamid etal 2017 and Gujaral H., 2016^1,11,10.

· The relationship between the spiritual intelligence and the coping status:

The relationship between the spiritual intelligence and the coping status revealed that there was low degree negative correlation (r = - 0.095) significant at 0.05 level between the Spiritual intelligence and the coping ability in general. The Correlation between Spiritual Intelligence and Problem Based Coping Ability and Emotion Based Coping Ability revealed that there were only low degree correlation and significant at 0.05 level between the Spiritual intelligence and its components. Based on the findings of the present study it was observed that there was very low degree negative relationship (r= 0.095) exist between the Coping ability and Spiritual intelligence and its components. Even though the relationship was significant statistically at low level we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis H2 as there is negative relationship exist between the spiritual intelligence and coping ability of middle-aged people whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district and was supported by the study findings of Sharma A., 2019²⁶.

· Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence:

The present study revealed that there was low level of negative correlation (r = 0.052) exist between the spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence in general among the middle-aged parents whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district. The present study findings were statically not significant so we reject the Assumption 2 as there is significant relationship exist between the emotional intelligence of the middle-aged parents whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district with that of their Spiritual intelligence^14.

Association between the Variables:

The present study findings Concluded that there were no association exist between the selected demographic factors except in case of family status (X2 values 17.58 table value 5.99 at 0.05 level with df 2) and the level of emotional intelligence and was supported by the study findings of Mane A.B.2016¹⁹. The present study findings concluded that there was an association exist between SI and only the selected demographic factors like sex (X2 values 17.926 ) supported by the findings of Sood Z.M, Kaushal SL 2018^27, The health condition X2 values 13.706 (3.83 at 0.05 level and degree of freedom is 1) supported by Bosch. F.C 2018^4, Marital status X2 values 13.33 (5.99 at 0.05 level and degree of freedom is 2 ) of the middle aged whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district but there were no association exist between Spiritual intelligence and the selected factors like Age, Type of family, Presence of family members, Educational background, employment status, children status, , status of parents and siblings.

There were no significant association noticed between coping ability and the components like problem-based coping as well as the emotional based coping between age, family, education status, Type of parent’s status and Type of Marital status. Whereas there were high degree association exist between coping ability and sex X2 values 71.03 (3.83 at 0.05 level and degree of freedom is 1 and education status X2 values 13.08 (5.99 at 0.05 level and degree of freedom is 2) Dash. M and Patnayik 2015⁷ of the sample but no association noticed between the occupation status and education status of the sample with the coping ability in general and the problem-based coping and the emotional based copings.

Analysis of the Empowerment Program:

The impact of empowerment had assessed by the evaluation of Structure – process and outcome evaluation^{8,9,10,17,18,22,25,28}. As a part of structural evaluation of the empowerment program entire empowerment sessions involved in the program including lecture cum discussion, videos and self-learning guide were assessed by using the checklist for its Acceptability of the materials and it was analyzed by using the descriptive statics. Majority of the sample agreed that those materials for the empowerment was useful because it provides them with information needed for them in their day-to-day life and only six percentages of them do not agree with the empowerment process and materials. The entire sample agreed that they could follow the information shared in their day-to-day life (33 % of them fully agreed and 62% of them partially agreed).

Comparison of self-assessment checklist of Pretest, Posttest after one week, one month and six months after the empowerment:

Comparison of self-assessment check list of the respondent revealed that the highest scores of pretests was 3.098 and 8.01, 7.2 and 7.78 in all the posttests. Since the t value after the empowerment program of middle aged on emotional and spiritual intelligence was observed as 15.061, 11.377 and 10.715 followed by one week one month and six months respectively where the table value is 1.96 and at 0.05 levels showed that there was significant impact in the empowerment program and accept the assumptions 1 as an empowerment program may change the attitude and practice of middle aged by improving the emotional and spiritual intelligence to cope up with the issues of midlife transition²³.

a. Comparison levels of EI, SI and CA at Pretest of the empowerment and six months after the empowerment and control group:

The comparison of the EI was found that there were significant changes observed statistically at 0.05 levels with different levels of, EI of the respondent after the empowerment program (t value 5.01), SI levels of the respondent even after the empowerment program (t value 3.906) and the CA (t value 3.101) and the components of CA was statistically significant at 0.05 levels after the implementation of Empowerment revealed that overall the empowerment program was effective in improving the EI, SI and CA of the middle aged. Similarly, the comparison group revealed that there were noticeable changes observed statistically significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels at EI in general (t value 3.832). Similarly, at the CA also revealed Statistical significance at 0.05 and 0.01 levels (t value 3.101). But there were no noticeable significant changes observed statistically at the SI levels of the respondent in the comparison group (t value 0.732).

b. Comparison of the pre assessment and post assessment of the external evaluation:

The evaluation made externally by the double blinded method also revealed that there were significant changes noticed as t value 3.3032 significant at 0.05 levels within the six-month intervals among the empowered group. There was moderate level of positive correlation (r value: 0.4113) exist between the levels Pre assessment and post assessment level values of external evaluation among the empowered middle-aged parents whose children were studying in private nursing college in Kannur district. The study findings were supported by the Raut A. V and Gupta 2019, Bhosky R.A 2016 ^20,3.

DELIMITATIONS:

The study was delimited to only the parents of the nursing students studying in private nursing institutes of Kannur District of Kerala so the middle aged in the study means parents of the nursing students studying in private nursing institutes of Kannur District of Kerala only and it was performed during the outbreak of pandemic and the close monitoring of the sample for a long period could carry out only among the available sample by online platform.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

The findings were limited only the 500 middle aged people whose children were studying in private nursing colleges in Kannur District of Kerala State with regarding generalization of results. The 500 Samples were selected by convenient sampling method from the private nursing colleges in Kannur district and included only those people who were accessible and available during the time of data collections in the study. Random sampling by lottery method was used for selecting 120 samples for empowerment. The use of self-assessment check list and the self-learning guide measures proposed challenges of objectivity, validity of tests and needs to be standardized. Personal Follow up of sample for the specified period was difficult especially during the lockdown period due to outbreak of pandemic.

IMPLICATIONS:

Nursing Service: These results help the community health nurses to give more emphasis in their home visits or community visits where they can make use of their counseling and teaching skills as a counselor and an educator on how to reduce the life stress of middle-aged especially during their midlife transitions followed by empowering their emotional, spiritual intelligence in improving their coping skills. The nurses could also form support groups or self-help groups to help people handle their midlife transition stress and to share the issues so that they can be dealt when they are in need.

Nursing Education:

The nurse educators can plan for on-going nursing education for their staff development in their concerned unit or organization or community to update the nurses with the importance of the emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping their life especially middle-aged nurses in the department in order to cope with their midlife transitions. Courses plan for the undergraduate graduate and post graduate level should highlight the importance of SI, EI in their clinical posting. Short term courses and in service nursing education program should be conducted periodically, based on the needs with special focus on spiritual, emotional intelligence and coping ability to help them to understand the concept of evidence-based practice to update the student nurses and staff with adequate knowledge on coping during their stressful life situation.

Nursing Administration:

Nurse administrator should assess the needs of the middle-aged nurses working under them in their unit or their organization. For the newly joined registered nurse, orientation program should be made mandatory in relation to the empowerment Programs on emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping with their personal or professional stress. They should take initativeness in organizing the orientation programs and the on-going staff development program of concerned community and hospital settings. The administrators can plan regular activities to provide the nurses with an opportunity to empower themselves as well as in the provision of the opportunities to verbalize their experiences. They can plan a new hospital or modification of existing structure to practice meditation or relaxation room or recreational club with resources available for practicing and boosting their emotional and spiritual intelligence through meditation, yoga, breathing exercises etc. The findings of the study may encourage nursing administrators to develop public awareness strategies via videos on stress management strategies to plan health education programs for new nurses and for community. Middle level nurse managers can organize discussions and provide a platform for nursing personnel to clarify issues of life and to make life style modification to maintain their resiliency. Health professionals could be taught to do the SWOT analysis and maximize their opportunities and strength by minimizing their weakness and threat from the surroundings by channelize their negative energy into constructive positive energy.

Nursing Research:

Evidence based nursing practice could be achieved by conducting clinical nursing research on the emotional, spiritual intelligence and coping ability of the middle aged. To explore the concepts in depth a mixed method research as well as qualitative research design can be recommended for future research. A more comprehensive blueprint of midlife transitions and its remedies needs to be developed. Empirical studies like prospective studies with cross over design could be conduct to investigate the relationships, of the variables over time. Separate Empowerment program on different variables for long terms period will be more useful than combined one. Use standardized tool for evaluating the empowerment by external evaluator. Studies need to move beyond the research on theory or model formation for the middle aged on a cultural oriented and cost-effective theory based emotional and spiritual empowerment with their effectiveness to enhance and maintain the resiliency in coping up with their midlife transition safely.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Comparative study among the government and non-government institutions, working and un-employed, gender difference, age differences and educational background etc. and the similar study can be extended among the middle-aged people in the different communities like nursing faculty, nurse administrators, clinical staff, parents of government nursing colleges of Kannur district and similar studies in other district or even at the national level. More objectivity could have been achieved if the empowerment was given individually rather than the online platform. As per findings of this research study, it is suggested that further theoretical research can be done in this area with the intention to build up a comprehensive, cultural oriented and cost-effective empowerment program with more objective based evaluation program in future for research purposes.

SUMMARY:

This study was conducted to assess the level of Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, coping ability of the middle aged and the impact of empowerment on improving these variables under the study. In this study the levels of variables under study were comparatively at the middle level only which need to improve. The findings of the study showed that the Empowerment program of the middle-aged people whose children were studying in private nursing colleges was effective in improving the level of Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and coping ability and it may help the present middle aged to improve and maintain their resiliency during their life transition in order to lead them into an active and positive aging for future.

CONCLUSION:

Mid-life transitions is the process where changes take place in the life of a middle aged with an impact in own identity changes with resistance, avoidance, distractions, negotiation or full-blown melt down. Since nearly 60 % of people surveyed across the world have negative views and attitude towards aged every middle-aged person should need to be prepare him or herself properly to face their different stages of life transition to lead successful or positive aging. In the era where the elderly is considered as the vulnerable group, empowering the people from middle aged will have a great role in achieving the vision of the National Policy on Older Persons by the Government of India. Since the Empowerment on emotional and spiritual intelligence in coping midlife transition adopted in this study is one of the best methods to adopt culture oriented, cost effective and an innovative method to prepare the middle aged into a successful or positive aging in the future community.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None declared.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

First up all let me praise and thank Almighty God whose grace and blessing be with me throughout this study to complete my research. With profound sentiments of gratitude, the investigator acknowledges the encouragement and help she has received from all those who have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. The authors are grateful to all the participants, guide, husband, children, parents and all well-wishers for their willingness and cooperation during the study period.

LIST OF ABBREVIATION:

emotional intelligence – EI, spiritual intelligence – SI coping ability- CA SWOT-Strength, weakness, Opportunity and Threat.

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